Порівняльна характеристика онтогенезу комунікативно-мовленнєвого розвитку та його дизонтогенезу при синдромі Дауна

В статті розкрито сучасні уявлення про розвиток мовлення в онтогенезі. Проаналізовано психомоторний профіль зазначеної категорії дітей, визначено вплив цих особливостей на формування мовлення у дітей з синдромом Дауна. Встановлено, що поліморфні порушення психофізичного розвитку обумовлюють порушення розвитку усієї мовленнєвої системи. Проаналізовано особливості комунікативно-мовленнєвого розвитку дітей з цією генетичною аномалією. Визначено види мовленнєвих порушень, що поєднуються з системним недорозвиненням мовлення, властивих дітям з синдромом Дауна.

The article analyzes modern ideas about the normalized type of communicative and speech development. The prerequisites for the formation of oral speech are analyzed. The main stages of the development of speech skills are characterized, depending on the child's communicative needs and interaction skills. The stages of a child's acquisition of normal communication skills have been identified. Peculiarities of communicative and speech development of children with Down syndrome were studied. It was established that all children of this category go through the preparatory stage of speech development in prolonged terms, the formation of subsequent stages depends on the depth of intellectual impairment and the severity of concomitant diseases. Polymorphic disorders of psychomotor development negatively affect the development of all components of speech (phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, semantics, coherent speech). It has been established that in children of the specified category, systemic speech disorder can be combined with dyspraxia of the articulatory apparatus, impaired innervation of the organs of articulation, impaired tempo and rhythm of speech of a convulsive and non-convulsive nature. It turned out that children with Down syndrome seek emotional contact with other people. Establishing such contact takes place with the help of non-verbal means of communication: facial expressions, everyday gestures. The peculiarities of communicative and speech development in this genetic anomaly are summarized: delay in the pace of formation of speech skills; impoverished babbling and humming; a significant gap between the state of development of speech understanding and expressive speech; impoverished vocabulary; phonetic distortions; violation of auditory-speech memory; violation of the prosodic component of speech; violation of the constituent structure of the word; agrammatisms; impaired understanding of complex logical and grammatical constructions; violation of the formation of coherent speech; extensive use of everyday gestures for communication. It has been established that each individual child with Down syndrome may have a different combination of these features, which is determined by the severity and number of secondary symptoms.